The Epstein archive contains extensive documentation of victim accounts, FBI investigations into victim testimony, civil litigation by survivors, and CVRA (Crime Victims' Rights Act) proceedings. This article catalogs these references while maintaining sensitivity and protecting the privacy of victims who have not publicly identified themselves, using Jane Doe designations where appropriate.
Overview of Victim References#
The archive documents a systematic sex trafficking operation that victimized dozens of minor girls over more than two decades. The 2019 federal indictment charged Jeffrey Epstein with sex trafficking of minors from "at least in or about 2002, up to and including at least in or about 2005," alleging he "sexually exploited and abused dozens of minor girls at his homes in Manhattan, New York, and Palm Beach, Florida, among other locations." However, victim complaints in civil litigation document abuse beginning as early as 1998.
The 2007 Non-Prosecution Agreement referenced 34 confirmed minor victims identified during the federal investigation in Florida. The FBI's August 2019 co-conspirator memo and related investigative documents contain detailed victim testimony describing the recruitment and trafficking patterns that characterized Epstein's operation.
Publicly Identified Victims#
While the vast majority of victims remain anonymous or are identified only as Jane Does in court filings, several victims have publicly identified themselves and spoken publicly about their experiences.
Virginia Giuffre
Virginia L. Giuffre, formerly known as Virginia Roberts, is the most publicly prominent survivor. According to her civil complaint against Ghislaine Maxwell, Giuffre was working as a changing room assistant at Mar-a-Lago in Palm Beach in summer 1998, earning approximately $9 per hour, when she was recruited by Ghislaine Maxwell at age 15.
Giuffre's complaint describes how Maxwell "asked Plaintiff if she was interested in learning massage therapy and earning a great deal of money while learning the profession." Maxwell assured Giuffre's father, who worked as a maintenance manager at Mar-a-Lago, that she would provide transportation home for his teenage daughter. The complaint details how Maxwell then "took off her own shirt and left on her underwear and started rubbing her breasts across Defendant's body, impliedly showing Plaintiff what she was expected to do."
Giuffre became central to multiple legal proceedings, including her 2015 defamation lawsuit against Maxwell, which resulted in the release of extensive depositions and evidence. Her testimony has been extensively documented in court filings and public reporting.
Courtney Wild
Courtney Wild was one of the lead petitioners in the landmark CVRA case Doe v. United States, 08-80736-CIV-MARRA/JOHNSON, challenging the government's failure to notify victims before signing the 2007 Non-Prosecution Agreement. After years of litigation conducted under the pseudonym Jane Doe 1, Wild publicly identified herself. The case resulted in a February 2019 ruling by Judge Kenneth A. Marra finding that prosecutors violated the Crime Victims' Rights Act.
Other Publicly Identified Survivors
Multiple other survivors have come forward publicly, including through victim impact statements at Ghislaine Maxwell's sentencing hearing and through public advocacy. However, consistent with ethical reporting standards, this article limits detailed discussion to victims who have been extensively identified in public court filings or who have actively engaged in public advocacy under their own names.
FBI and DOJ Documentation of Victim Accounts#
The 2019 Indictment
The 2019 federal indictment references three minor victims by pseudonym, describing a consistent pattern of abuse:
Minor Victim-1: The indictment alleges she "was recruited to engage in sex acts with EPSTEIN and was repeatedly sexually abused by EPSTEIN at the New York Residence over a period of years." The victim "was as young as 14 years old when she was recruited to engage in illegal sex acts with EPSTEIN." The indictment describes how "Employee-1, located in the Southern District of New York, and on behalf of EPSTEIN, placed a telephone call to Minor Victim-1 in order to schedule an appointment."
Minor Victim-2: The indictment describes this victim as being "repeatedly sexually abused by EPSTEIN at the Palm Beach Residence over a period of years." She "was as young as 14 years old when she was recruited to engage in illegal sex acts with EPSTEIN." The indictment notes that "Employee-2, located in the Southern District of New York, and on behalf of EPSTEIN, placed a telephone call to Minor Victim-2 in order to schedule an appointment," establishing the interstate element of the crimes.
Minor Victim-3: Similarly described as being "repeatedly sexually abused by EPSTEIN at the Palm Beach Residence over a period of years," starting when she was approximately 14 years old.
The indictment emphasizes that "EPSTEIN knew that many of his victims were underage, including because certain victims told him their age."
FBI Co-Conspirator Memo
The FBI's August 2019 co-conspirator memo contains extensive victim testimony describing the roles of various co-conspirators in the trafficking operation. According to victim accounts documented in the memo:
- Multiple victims stated that Sarah Kellen (Co-Conspirator #1) arranged massage appointments from New York City, paid them directly for "massages," sometimes provided transportation, and took photos of partially nude girls
- Cooperating co-conspirators and victims stated that Lesley Groff (Co-Conspirator #3) "was in charge of making phone calls to set up massage appointments" and "would call victims to ask if they had any new girls for Epstein"
- At least one employee observed Ghislaine Maxwell "recruit a victim in the case"
The memo notes that additional victim testimony was expected: "other co-conspirators are likely to have pertinent details which will surface if/when they cooperate."
The 34 Confirmed Minor Victims
The DOJ Office of Professional Responsibility report on the 2007 Non-Prosecution Agreement states that the government ultimately compiled a list of 34 confirmed minor victims. However, the actual number of victims is likely significantly higher. The 2019 indictment alleges Epstein "sexually exploited and abused dozens of minor girls," and civil complaints reference "countless vulnerable and relatively economically disadvantaged minor girls."
Civil Litigation and Victim Statements#
Florida Federal Court Cases (2008-2010)
Between 2008 and 2010, multiple victims filed civil complaints in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida. The archive contains numerous case filings identified by Jane Doe number rather than the victims' actual names:
- Jane Doe No. 1 v. Epstein, Case No. 08-80804-CIV-MARRA/JOHNSON
- Jane Doe No. 101 v. Epstein, Case No. 09-80591
- Jane Doe No. 102 v. Epstein, Case No. 09-80656
- Jane Doe No. 103 v. Epstein, Case No. 10-80309
- Multiple additional Jane Doe cases numbered consecutively
These complaints contain detailed allegations of abuse. For example, the Jane Doe No. 102 complaint alleges:
"Defendant's plan and scheme reflected a particular pattern and method. Defendant coerced and enticed impressionable, vulnerable, and relatively economically less fortunate minor girls to participate in various acts of sexual misconduct that he committed upon them. Defendant's scheme involved the use of underage girls, as well as other individuals, to recruit other underage girls."
The complaint further describes how "The then minor Plaintiff and other minor girls, some as young as 12 years old, were transported to Defendant's Palm Beach mansion by Defendant's employees, agents, and/or assistants in order to provide Defendant with 'massages.'"
Jane Doe No. 1 v. Epstein: The 14-Year-Old's Account
The complaint in Jane Doe No. 1 v. Epstein provides a detailed account of how the recruitment scheme operated. The victim was 14 years old when recruited by Haley Robson, who "generally sought out economically disadvantaged underage girls from Loxahatchee and surrounding areas."
The complaint describes the abuse pattern:
"Upon arrival at Epstein's mansion, Robson would introduce each victim to Kellen, who gathered the girl's personal information. Defendant Kellen would then bring the girl up a flight of stairs to a bedroom that contained a massage table. Kellen would then leave the girl alone in the room, whereupon Epstein would enter wearing only a towel."
After the abuse, "Epstein paid Plaintiff $300. Epstein paid Robson $200 for bringing Plaintiff to him." This financial structure created the pyramid recruitment scheme documented throughout the archive, where victims became recruiters themselves.
Victim Psychological Trauma
Multiple civil complaints contain declarations from mental health professionals documenting the severe psychological harm suffered by victims. For example, Dr. Gilbert Kliman's declaration in one case describes expected long-term psychological consequences including PTSD, depression, and difficulties with trust and relationships.
CVRA Litigation and Victim Advocacy#
The Landmark Doe v. United States Case
On July 7, 2008, Jane Doe 1 (later identified as Courtney Wild) filed an emergency petition under the Crime Victims' Rights Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3771, in In re: Jane Doe, Case No. 08-80736-CIV-MARRA/JOHNSON. The petition alleged that the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida had negotiated and signed the 2007 Non-Prosecution Agreement without conferring with victims, in violation of their statutory rights.
The petition stated:
"The Petitioner has been denied her rights in that she has received no consultation with the attorney for the government regarding the possible disposition of the charges, no notice of any public court proceedings, no information regarding her right to restitution, and no notice of rights under the CVRA, as required under law."
This case became one of the longest-running CVRA litigations in federal court history. On February 21, 2019, Judge Kenneth A. Marra ruled that the government violated the CVRA:
"Despite the Government's efforts to cripple this litigation, the record leaves no doubt that the government committed a crime-victim rights violation... The Government gave the Epstein defense team notice of the NPA and conferred with them throughout the process, yet purposefully withheld this information from the victims."
Judge Marra specifically found that letters sent to victims after the NPA was signed, describing the investigation as ongoing, "mislead [sic] the victims to believe that federal prosecution was still a possibility."
Victim Notification Letters
The archive contains examples of CVRA notification letters sent to victims. A September 3, 2008 letter from the U.S. Attorney's Office identified a victim as an "identified victim" under the CVRA and outlined their rights, including "the reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the United States" and "to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding."
However, internal prosecutorial emails documented in the DOJ OPR report reveal prosecutors' awareness they were concealing the NPA from victims:
- September 24, 2007: Line prosecutor told defense counsel Jay Lefkowitz the case file would "be kept confidential since it also contains identifying information about the girls"
- September 26, 2007: Prosecutor emailed Lefkowitz: "I am meeting with the agents and want to give them their marching orders regarding what they can tell the girls"
Ghislaine Maxwell Trial Victim Testimony
When Ghislaine Maxwell was prosecuted in 2019-2021, four victims testified at trial under pseudonyms. The Second Circuit opinion affirming Maxwell's conviction describes their testimony:
"The four victim-witnesses testified that Maxwell recruited them for, and participated in, their sexual abuse by Epstein. Three of the four testified that Maxwell participated directly in their abuse."
At Maxwell's sentencing hearing, victims provided impact statements describing the lasting harm of the abuse. Maxwell was sentenced to 20 years in federal prison on June 28, 2022.
Patterns of Victim Treatment Documented in the Archive#
Target Demographics
The archive consistently documents that recruitment efforts targeted economically vulnerable minors. Civil complaints describe how recruiters "generally sought out economically disadvantaged underage girls from Loxahatchee and surrounding areas" in Palm Beach County.
One victim complaint alleges Epstein "gained access to countless vulnerable and relatively economically disadvantaged minor girls" and that his scheme specifically targeted those "who Defendant and/or his assistants perceived as less likely to complain to authorities or have credibility issues if allegations of improper conduct were made."
Age Range
Victims documented in the archive were predominantly between 14 and 17 years old at the time of initial recruitment, though some complaints reference girls "as young as 12 years old." The 2019 indictment repeatedly emphasizes that victims "were as young as 14 years old" when recruited.
The "Massage" Pretense
The recruitment pattern consistently involved deceptive recruitment under the pretense of learning massage therapy and earning substantial money. Victim accounts describe being told they would earn $200-$300 per session, far exceeding what teenage girls could earn in legitimate employment.
The Jane Doe No. 102 complaint describes how Ghislaine Maxwell recruited the 15-year-old victim by asking "if she was interested in learning massage therapy and earning a great deal of money while learning the profession." The victim's father "was not apprehensive because he felt comforted that an older woman had approached Plaintiff with this opportunity."
Pyramid Recruitment Structure
The archive extensively documents how victims were incentivized to become recruiters themselves. The 2019 indictment states that Epstein "paid certain of his victims to recruit additional girls" and that victims "were paid hundreds of dollars in cash for each additional girl they brought to EPSTEIN."
Civil complaints provide specific examples: "Epstein paid Plaintiff $300. Epstein paid Robson $200 for bringing Plaintiff to him." This created a self-perpetuating network where victims became complicit in recruiting others, both expanding the operation and creating psychological complexity for victims who struggled with their dual roles.
Geographic Patterns
Victims were recruited and abused across multiple Epstein properties:
- Palm Beach Estate: The primary recruitment hub, with victims predominantly recruited from Palm Beach County, particularly economically disadvantaged areas including Loxahatchee, West Palm Beach, and Royal Palm Beach
- Manhattan Townhouse: The 2019 indictment describes Minor Victim-1 being "repeatedly sexually abused by EPSTEIN at the New York Residence over a period of years"
- Little St. James Island: The FBI search warrant affidavit notes victims "provided detailed descriptions of the island's interior layouts and described being transported to Little St. James where abuse occurred"
- Zorro Ranch, Paris, and London properties are also referenced in victim accounts
References to Minors in Correspondence#
While the email portion of the Epstein archive contains extensive business and personal correspondence, direct references to victims are relatively scarce, likely reflecting Epstein's awareness of potential legal scrutiny. However, the scheduling and logistics documented in emails reveal patterns consistent with the trafficking operation described in victim testimony and court documents.
The FBI co-conspirator memo references how assistants like Sarah Kellen "arranged massage appointments from New York City" and Lesley Groff "was in charge of making phone calls to set up massage appointments," suggesting extensive phone and email coordination that facilitated the trafficking operation.
Evidence Preservation and Victim Privacy#
Jane Doe Designations
Throughout the archive, court filings consistently use Jane Doe pseudonyms to protect victim privacy. For example:
- The CVRA litigation was conducted as In re: Jane Doe until victims chose to publicly identify
- Civil complaints were filed as Jane Doe No. 1 v. Epstein, Jane Doe No. 102 v. Epstein, etc.
- The 2019 indictment refers to "Minor Victim-1," "Minor Victim-2," and "Minor Victim-3"
- Maxwell trial witnesses testified as "Jane," "Annie Farmer," "Carolyn," and "Kate"
Sealed Filings
Multiple documents in the archive were originally filed under seal to protect victim privacy. For example, the Jane Doe No. 1 complaint was marked "FILED UNDER SEAL" with the notation that "This motion is filed under seal to protect the identity and privacy of a child victim of sexual abuse."
Victim Compensation
The 2007 Non-Prosecution Agreement included provisions for victim compensation under 18 U.S.C. § 2255, requiring Epstein to provide restitution. The agreement stipulated that "the United States, in consultation with and subject to the good faith approval of Epstein's counsel, shall select an attorney representative for these persons, who shall be paid for by Epstein."
Following Epstein's death, his estate established a victim compensation fund. Multiple victims filed claims against the estate through civil litigation in federal and state courts.
Investigative Gaps and Unidentified Victims#
Despite extensive documentation, significant gaps remain in the full accounting of Epstein's victims:
Unknown Total Number
While the 2007 NPA referenced 34 confirmed minor victims, the actual number is likely much higher. The 2019 indictment alleges "dozens of minor girls," and victim accounts reference "countless" others who were recruited into the operation.
International Victims
Victim testimony references international recruitment, including an allegation that "On one of Defendant's birthdays, a friend of Defendant sent him three 12-year-old girls from France who spoke no English for Defendant to sexually exploit and abuse. After doing so, they were sent back to France the next day."
The involvement of Jean-Luc Brunel, a French modeling agent, suggests systematic international recruitment through the modeling industry, particularly from Eastern Europe and South America.
Uncooperative Witnesses
The FBI co-conspirator memo notes that some potential witnesses and victims did not cooperate with the 2019 investigation. The memo describes planned "reverse proffers" with several co-conspirators who were deciding whether to cooperate, suggesting incomplete victim testimony even in the most recent federal investigation.
Current Status and Ongoing Litigation#
Maxwell Conviction and Appeal
Ghislaine Maxwell's conviction in December 2021 on five counts related to sex trafficking provided legal vindication for victims, with four testifying at trial. Maxwell was sentenced to 20 years in federal prison. She has appealed her conviction to the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing she was protected by the 2007 NPA's immunity provisions, though this argument was rejected by lower courts.
Unprosecuted Co-Conspirators
Despite the FBI identifying 10 co-conspirators in August 2019, only Maxwell has been prosecuted. The 2007 NPA granted immunity to Sarah Kellen, Adriana Ross, Lesley Groff, and Nadia Marcinkova, and its language potentially extends to "any potential co-conspirators."
Civil Litigation Against the Estate
Following Epstein's August 10, 2019 death, multiple victims filed civil lawsuits against his estate, executors Darren K. Indyke and Richard D. Kahn, and related entities. The archive contains numerous such filings, including cases by victims using Jane Doe pseudonyms.
Victim Advocacy
Survivors including Courtney Wild, Virginia Giuffre, and others have become prominent advocates for victims' rights, testifying before Congress, participating in documentary films, and advocating for changes to statutes of limitations and victim notification procedures.
Cross-References to Prosecution Evidence#
For detailed analysis of how victim testimony relates to potential criminal prosecutions, see:
- Evidence Overview and Prosecution Roadmap - comprehensive assessment of prosecutable crimes
- Relevant Criminal Statutes - applicable federal laws, including 18 U.S.C. § 1591 (sex trafficking), § 2423 (transportation of minors), and victim rights under 18 U.S.C. § 3771 (CVRA)
- Epstein's Co-Conspirators - the 10 individuals identified by FBI as facilitating the trafficking operation
- Recruitment and Trafficking Patterns - systematic methods used to identify, groom, and exploit victims
- 2007 Non-Prosecution Agreement - controversial immunity deal that affected victim rights and subsequent prosecutions
See Also#
- Palm Beach Estate - primary location of abuse documented in victim testimony
- Manhattan Townhouse - New York location where multiple victims were abused
- Little St. James Island - Caribbean island where victims described being transported and abused
- MC2 Model Management - Epstein-financed modeling agency allegedly used for international recruitment
This article maintains victim privacy by limiting detailed discussion to publicly identified survivors and using Jane Doe designations for victims who have not publicly identified themselves. The Epstein Encyclopedia serves as an evidence compilation for investigators and journalists while respecting the dignity and privacy of survivors.